Communication Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Communication Strategies - Essay Example In the paper, Ricardo Ramirez and Wendy Quarry analyze the different communication strategies in this age of decentralization and privatization of rural services. The study is based on two African experiences to incorporate the aspect of rural service provision. From the study, the paper then identifies the challenges that decentralization faces in privatizing the provision of rural services. Globally, this wave creates many challenges for the local governments, service providers and the rural communities at large. The unprecedented new rules and procedures that come with this new trend are studied in respect to their impact on local organizations. Further, the paper finds that these new rules bring about the need for change in attitudes and skills. In the first case, the authors identify Uganda in studying the Communications and Information Strategy for the National Agricultural Advisory Services Program. Secondly, they then tour Mozambique, where efforts are made to formulate a plan tom communicate the National Water Policy and the Rural Water Transition Plan. The research findings are wide and varied and agree on the importance of having communication strategies in decentralization and privatization of rural services. Among the findings are the different complimentary functions that communication plays in any development. The authors say that it goes well beyond ‘public relations’. The paper also finds posits that there is an increasing urge to incorporate specialized skills in planning and managing communication strategies.

Issues in global political economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues in global political economy - Essay Example The relationship between the natural environment and free trade focuses on the trade policies impacts on the ecological environment, the impacts on the trade flows and use of trade measures in order to attain environmental policy objectives (Irwin, 2009). Free trade impacts on the environment drew international attention in 1991 when Mexican government challenges United States laws on ban of exports of tuna to the US from Mexico. The United States Marine Mammal Protection Act prohibited the import of tuna and dolphin from countries that used fishing methods that killed the dolphins (Mitchell, 2009). In its case, Mexican government argued that General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allowed free trade between the two countries. Accordingly, the World Trade Organization (WTO) outlined that countries could restrict free trade in instances when the measures are necessary to protect the safety and health of the citizens. In the ruling, GATT panel clearly outlined that the US governm ent had violated GATT agreements since it could not utilise its domestic legislation to control and protect dolphins that were outside its territory (Geradin, 1997). This case opened new controversial issues on the impact of free trade on the environment since Mexico did not press for the implementation of the panel ruling. Thesis statement: International free trade and environmental protection can never be compatible. Free trade increases the global economic activities and leads to higher national incomes. The total global trade volumes have increased significantly due to trade liberlisation and free flow of labour among the trading partners (Irwin, 2009). The growth in free trade has been supported by advancements in transportation networks, increase in outsourcing, industrialisation and emergency of global trade organisations. Proponents of free trade assert that it leads to efficient resource allocation due to the comparative advantage of nations in producing certain commodities . Garber (1993) asserts that free trade increases global economic output due to expanded market for excess output and elimination of market access tariffs and regulations of the domestic economies. Accordingly, free trade encourages competition among various firms thus leading to high quality products and low prices to the consumers. It is acknowledged that free trade will foster technology transfer that contributes to human advancements and better quality of life in the society. Accordingly, free trade enables multinational companies to reduce the costs of production through attracting high qualified skill force at a lower cost and moving their manufacturing plants closer to sources of raw materials (Michalos, 2008). In addition, free trade will contribute to growth in domestic gross product by ensuring higher employment levels and consumer incomes thus ultimately contribute to increase in consumption levels in the economy. However, environmentalists assert that free trade leads to market externalities like pollution and thus stringent domestic environmental regulations are necessary in order to check the standards of goods imported in the economy (Esty, 1994). The WTO established a committee to deal with trade and environment in 1995 in order to deal with issues concerning domestically prohibited goods and eco-labelling. A major concern for the committee is the relationship between multinational environmental agreements

Science, Technology & Innovation Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Science, Technology & Innovation Systems - Essay Example In places where there is no sufficient level of wind, the wind turbine industry certainly cannot operate efficiently and effectively. It requires strong level of wind in order to generate enough amount of electricity from wind energy. Electricity is very important in the society particularly in industries, households and every establishment. This means that electricity is an integral part of every political, social, legal, technological, economic and environmental aspect of the society. This is the reason why every nation tries to come up with the right level or amount of supply of electricity for everyone. Around 21.40 percent of electricity in Denmark is derived from wind. Compared this from the United States and other countries in Europe, this is relatively higher and only implies that Denmark has remarkably relied heavily on the wind-turbine industry in its electricity generation aside from other energy source. Certainly there are some important reasons why the wind-turbine indus try in Denmark became so strong. It is the main point of this paper to present some of the factors that contribute greatly to the success of wind-turbine industry in Denmark. ... Furthermore, the proponent includes the characteristics of the innovation system and the corresponding impacts on other sectors and technologies. Main actors, linkages, institutions The world is currently faced with the issue of global warming which is said to be as an upshot of human’s economic activities over the long span of time. What was the most intriguing is the issue about the higher amount of greenhouse gases emitted by electricity generation through fossil-fuel based of generating electricity. In Table 1, it is shown that different countries in Europe have substantially contributed higher amount of greenhouse gases emission due to on-going economic activity. However, the good news is that most of the fossil-fuel based of generating electricity can be replaceable by other alternative energy source. These fossil-fuel based of generating electricity can be replaceable by wind as shown in Table 2. Shown in Table 3 is the specific information about the percentage of elect ricity produced out from wind energy in the United States, Denmark and other countries in Europe. Table 1. Specific average emissions (CO2, SO2, NO2) from fossil fuel-based electricity generation in the different EU-27 Member States in 2007 (European Wind Energy Association, 2009) Table 2. Fossil fuel-based electricity generation replaceable/avoidable by wind (and other renewable electricity generation technologies) in the EU-27 Member States in 2007 (European Wind Energy Association, 2009) Table 3. Percent of Total Electricity Derived from Wind in 2006 (Asplund, 2008) The European Wind Energy Association is very particular with sustainability and eradication of factors that slowly affect the environment in particular. The

A Real Divide Between the Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Real Divide Between the Law and Ethics - Essay Example Virtue ethics does not really provide clear cut criteria for the rightness or wrongness of an act but, it can tell you whether the person is good or bad depending on behavioural manifestations. Moreover, virtue ethics does not address the problem of relativism – one good trait may not be considered as good in another culture. Another theory is utilitarianism. In this theory, the rightness or wrongness of the act is dependent on the entailed consequences of the act (Velasquez, 2006). If there will be many beneficiaries from the act, then the act is good. In other words, if the act will make more people happy, then the act is good. In this sense, as the focus is turned on the consequence of the act, counting how many will be happier or how many will benefit from the act becomes the parameter for the rightness or wrongness of the act. This theory is criticised because it is vague as to what is happiness and how happy will be measured. Moreover, the question of relativism and the danger of the fallacy of the majority become an inherent concern of this theory. Duty-based ethics is the last theory that will be briefly discussed. According to this theory, rightness or wrongness of the act does not depend on its consequence, rather, rightness or wrongness is inherent in the act itself. As such, there are acts that one ought to do and acts which one ought not to do. This theory provides a straightforward directive on what ought to be done. This is because the theory rests on the assumption that all human beings are a rational human agent and as rational agents, they will do the right act and avoid the wrong one.

Job roles and working arrangements of Theatro Technics Essay Example for Free

Job roles and working arrangements of Theatro Technics Essay Key jobs within Theatro Technics vary from floor workers to management. Each of these jobs help carry out a function and the general running of the business. Although it is said that there are very important jobs, high and low, each job plays an important role and all staffs contribution should be valued. Something interesting of Theatro Technics and other theatres is that jobs within the business are not all located in the actual theatre. While certain staff like reception and ushers are most visible, key jobs are in management and are usually invisible to the public. I have identified 6 key jobs following inquiries at Theatro Technics, the jobs listed below are organised in descending order of seniority excluding the board of directors: JOB TITLE ROLE WORKING ARRANGEMENTS The board of directors The primary responsibility of the board of directors is to protect the shareholders assets and ensure they receive a decent return on their investment. Theatre director (Artistic director) He is responsible for the programming of productions and events, writing reports and watching over the staff. His working hours are very flexible 27 hours a week any time and he gets one month per years holiday. (But not all at once). This applies to all managerial staff. He gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 per for being a theatre director and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 for being a financial manager so all together he gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½75,000 per year, monthly. His assistant gets paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000 per year, monthly. finance manager The finance manager and takes care of the theatres finances incoming and out going and also fund raising. His working hours are very flexible 27 hours a week any time and gets one month per years holiday (But not all at once). They get paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000 per year, monthly. But as the Theatre director is also the finance manager he is paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25, 000 for that job. Theatre manager They have to make sure that all employees are doing theyre jobs and doing them correctly. Basically just the day to day running of the business Their working hours are quite flexible 25 hours a week 5 hours a day Monday to Friday and like all managerial staff get one month per years holiday (But not all at once). They get paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000 per year, monthly. Technical manager The technical manager keeps Theatro Technics up to date with technology, deals with costumes and makes sure lighting and sounds are working. Their working hours are quite flexible 25 hours a week 5 hours a day Monday to Friday and gets one month per years holiday (But not all at once). They get paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 per year, monthly. Bar manager The bar manager has to manage the bar on production nights (and days). By counting profits and such. Basically the same thing as the theatre manager but for the bar. Their working hours are quite flexible working only on production nights (and days) and get one month per years holiday (But not all at once). They get paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 per year, monthly. The board of directors: The board of directors is the highest governing authority within the management structure at Theatro Technics and any other publicly traded company. It is the boards job to select, evaluate, and approve appropriate compensation for the companys chief executive officer (CEO), evaluate the attractiveness of and pay dividends, recommend stock splits, oversee share repurchase programs, approve the companys financial statements, and recommend or strongly discourage acquisitions and mergers. Theatro Technics is governed by a dedicated Board of Directors comprised of business leaders, entertainment leaders and arts advocates who share a common passion for theatre and a commitment to the community. The board also serves as a champion of the theatre arts in the London community. It is dedicated to raising the profile of Theatro Technicss theatre, supporting the development of London, and igniting interest in the theatre among the youth in the community. Theatre director (Artistic director) and finance manager: In my chosen business George Eugeniou is both of these (but he has an assistant who is paid just under half of what he is paid). In the theatre business, the theatre director is the highest job role. He is responsible for the programming of productions and events, writing reports and watching over the staff. He is also the finance manager and takes care of the theatres finances incoming and out going and also fund raising. The main theatre director has to report to the board of directors and the finance manager has to report to the theatre director (but in this case it is himself). Theatre manager: In Theatro Technics there are two theatre managers and they have to make sure that all employees are doing theyre jobs and doing them correctly. One way in which they do this is through motivation. They also have to ensure that the programme is implemented within the budget for each project within the time limit. Basically just the day to day running of the theatre. They have to report to the theatre director. Technical manager: The technical manager is the back stage person dealing with costumes, dealing with the lighting and sounds in the production and also checks if they are working. The technical manager also keeps Theatro Technics up to date with technology ensuring that they have the latest software computing. The technical manager requires experience and qualifications in I.T. and stage management. The technical manager reports to the theatre manager. And because he is managerial staff his working hours are also flexible and he gets one month per years holiday. (But not all at once). He is paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 per year, monthly. Bar manager and bartenders: The bar manager has to manage the bar on production nights (and days). Counting profits and such basically the same thing as the theatre manager but for the bar and its staff team of 4. They only work on production days. Or any other (required) days. The bar manager reports to the theatre manager. The bar manager being managerial staff his working hours are also flexible and he gets one month per years holiday. (But not all at once). He is paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,000 per year, monthly. The bartenders are paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 per year, monthly. Ushers: The ushers show you where your seats are in the theatre and are on à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.50 over the U.K.s minimum wage per hour, which is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8.23. They report to the theatre manager. Working only on production nights. Or any other (required) days. Cleaners: They are on minimum wage and clean the building every day. They get à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.73 per hour daily and 50p more on production nights/days. They have to report to the theatre manager. Below I have provided a business organizational chart. A Business Organizational Chart is a management tool wherein it shows both management and workers the entire line structure of the company. Although this is mostly intended for management, as it shows the structure of the entire business. The main purpose of using a typical organizational chart is to show the power thru the use of lines and boxes. Organizational Chart ANALISIS OF IMPORTANT JOB ROLES AND WORKING ARRANGEMENTS IN THEATRO TECHNICS. Looking at key jobs in Theatro Technics it becomes clear that a job there can vary enormously, from high importance jobs to low importance jobs. Its also clear that the rout to promotion isnt as easy as it seems, although good technical workers can become technical managers and so on. This is the managerial and ground floor division. Is it necessary? Workers with ambition might be more encouraged to work harder if they knew there was a possibility of getting promoted to managerial positions. But the existing system of different levels of pay for job seniority seems to work well. There is also a real difference in the job requirements for managerial and salaried employees. Salaried workers E.G. secretaries and bartenders are reasonably skilled and well paid; top level managerial workers have degrees and other qualifications. Managerial jobs involve making decisions for the theatre, and can shape the theatre by theyre actions. Managerial workers can look at profitable and unprofitable assets, and adapt to what they think might be in popular demand. They can also recommend changes how Theatro Technics generally runs as a business, and might change the theatre many times while working there. Floor level workers like ushers and cleaners, carry out basic tasks and generally posses few qualifications, low skilled workers. They are the largest group of workers in Theatro Technics. Most of these workers are not represented by any union and hardly know any English. The secretary plays an important role within Theatro Technics, which is to help customers by carrying out useful functions like, manning the telephones and responding to E-Mails. Each Secretary contributes to Theatro Technics by becoming effective in carrying out specific tasks, which covers a lot of customer inquiries, making a good customer service. Their weakness is that usually their knowledge isnt extensive enough. If I was to criticise I would say that managerial and floor worker divides can create unnecessary and expensive bureaucracy, and having such a divided system misses some good ground floor talent.

Difference In Sports News Coverage

Difference In Sports News Coverage The world of sports has evolved in the last century and in the first decade of the 21st century as a prime source of entertainment. The world has seen greater development in sports as it becomes tougher and more competitive. The reflections of the more serious approach could be seen in media and specifically in sports journalism. The sport based program became the crowd puller of leading television channels in the visual media fraternity. The tougher competition and crave for being unique, redefined the approach of media to sports, collectively sports Journalism. This study tries to understand the impact of geographic and cultural orientation towards setting the agenda for sports programs in visual media. The study checks the impact of changing audience trends in determining the agenda of sport news .Qualitative and Quantitative research methods have been used to prove the hypothesis. The world of sports got an enhanced pace and shape during the end of last century and early period of this century. With sports, sports journalism as well has grown over the years. Sports journalism emerged as unique, out of its old status as filler in political and socio political news. Apart from being a prime source of dynamic entertainment, sport news now became the hot commodity with high demand in heterogeneous audience. Based on the latest trend and the dynamically changing market demands, specifically audience pulse, determine the agenda and strategy of sports news. Whether the hot sports like cricket and American football are the children of media hype or commercialized news? This study tries to reveal how the agenda of sports news are determined by audience trend and market pulse. Background In 1960, the winter Olympics were held in Squaw Valley, California and the media coverage was nowhere close to that of the 2002, Salt Lake winter Olympics. The 2008 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2009 UEFA Champions League final between Barcelona and Manchester United was the most watched live event on television history beating that yearà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Super bowl. This shows the differences in the way sports journalism is active in different countries and regions. This was the first time the Super bowl was defeated by a football match. They promoted the event of the Champions League final as the match between the two best footballers in the world, Leonel Messi and Christiano Ronaldo and also the winner would be declared as the best in the world. One can see how the media uses its tactics and production strategies to promote the event. The preset target of the producers and advertisers are the decision maker of each sport programs or sports based programs. In most of the countries it depends with tradition and culture. America In America the four major sports are basketball, ice hockey, baseball and their version of football. Most of the sports played in countries apart from North America are mostly the same. The most popular sport in the world is football and not American football. In America any big news relating to any other sports would not be given much importance and even if it is, it will find very little time in the whole sports segment of a news channel. Britain Britain claims that they have invented most of the sports that are being played in the modern day. Their way of covering sports is different to that of America; they give all sports almost equal importance. They also focus on the four American sports and give them more coverage than what America gives to others. India In India, Cricket gets high coverage and telecast with high importance even in peak hours. Whereas, football or hockey are subsided and limit in the 1/5th portion of the total sports news slot. People watching the pre and post events of any sporting events more than the event itself. The summer Olympics is an example of this case, the opening and closing ceremony of the event is watched by more people than the Olympics or any part of it. This shows how the media and journalism has changed in a massive way along with the sport itself. The market for sports journalism is by far the most improving and expanding one and the producers and advertisers know this and want to make full use of it for their benefit and the viewers will be shown what they want and not what exactly is happening, the whole thing is to make the event sell and to get the Television Rating Points (TRPs). It has all become commercialization and deregulation of televised sport. It has become such an important commodity. In America it has always existed as a system emphasizing the entertainment values. In many European countries it has been a model emphasizing neutrality. With the existence of exclusive sports channels like Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN), Sky Sports, etc. the news channels have to find something different to make their sports segment sell to the public. So, they use different methods of telecasting sports news. Only in sports one can find other interesting details like the lives, hobbies, relationships of the sports personalities and discuss about them in detail. There is politics in sports as well and the extra information attracts the people especially women to the sports. The term à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Plausibly Liveà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  was coined to describe the production of the 1996 Atlanta summer Olympics. The phrase was used as the broadcasts were not live but could have been. During any event one would get the entire extra detail one any particular team or player as the television crew would be sent to find the information. Then at any time during the show they would give out the information to the viewers. The advertisers now will decide that when there must be a break and how long it must last. Now there will be more cuts in any match as it will create more interest and make the sport much faster and better. The camera angles in modern times are such that they will enhance the event than it actually is. The sport has evolved or it has been made it evolve. That is the whole idea of sports journalism in modern times. To enhance what is there to a level that is more interesting to the viewers than it is, is the way it is in these times. Research Problem The study concentrates on the characteristics of sports telecasted by two different news channels and how they telecast and cover sports in their respective countries evaluated against the value of sports journalism. The two news channels are NDTV (New Delhi Television Limited) in India and CNN (Cable News Network) in USA. The study will be based on, the relation between journalistic values in sports broadcasting, the broadcasting of sports that are prominent in the two countries. The commercialization of sports and sporting events in broadcast media. How the changing audience trends determine the agenda of each sports item in the sports news slot. Geographical and cultural impact on the sports news coverage and character of sports journalism. Methodology The methodology for this dissertation would be of two kinds. The first will be quantitative method where there would be the analysis of all the sports segments in both news channels and how they have allocated time and news coverage to each sport and sports personalities. Every news channel will have its own policies on telecasting any sport and how much to telecast and it will be different for every news channel. NDTV would mostly have more focus on cricket and cricketers more than any other sport. In quantitative method the time allocated for each sport, e.g. cricket, football, hockey, badminton, etc. is very important. The time given for individuals and other sport personalities in one channel would be analyzed and compared to that of the other news channel. What is the time given for interviews and for news and features would also be analyzed. With this one can see the difference in the way both news channels differ from each other. The news content in CNN would definitely differ from that of the Indian news channel. As they are in USA they would focus more on the sports that are famous in that part of the world. But the focus is on the news content of CNN in India and whether it would change for the Indian viewers or whether they would try and promote their sports in India. All facts and figures that would come from the analysis of these news channels would be a part of quantitative methodology. There is also qualitative method where the main criteria for the analysis are the interpretation that comes out from what the news channels telecast. If one news channel gives more emphasis for one sport genuinely or if it gives more emphasis on a sport if a special occasion is there like the world cup, then the interpretation that comes out would be the basis for qualitative method. Both the methods would be used for this study as it is imperative to know the facts and figures as well as the understanding as to why there is a difference in the way each of the news channels differ in the telecasting of sports news from each other. The analysis and the comparison between these news channels would be essential to determine the difference in policies and the interests of the people in that region, so, both the methodologies are highly essential. Hypothesis Indian news is dedicating time for personalized and sensationalized news items than that of news channels. The language of commentary used by news casters and reporters in Indian news channels are using sensationalized and emotional words than that of US channels. The visual language of Indian sports news is deliberately generating sensationalism. Scope and Limitations The scope for this dissertation is that in the future more studies can be made on more news channels. The study can be vaster as news channels from other countries can also be included. Further research can be done as news channels can be compared to exclusive sports news channels. This will help to learn the difference in cultures, traditions and interests for sports for the people in the various regions of the world. The limitations to this study is that this study and analysis is only between two news channels, one in India and one in USA. With this it is difficult to analyze the difference between the trends in sports in both countries. By the selection of one news channel in USA one cannot determine the trends and traditions in sports there are that of the whole country. Each news channel will have its own policies and ideas, so, one cannot say that the sports news that they would telecast is the trend of that country and that is their mindset towards sports.

Impact of globalization theories in managing cross cultural issues

Impact of globalization theories in managing cross cultural issues Introduction to the research Globalization is a favorite catchword of politicians and journalists. It also became the key idea for business practice and theory, and enters the debates of academic. People mean the globalization often confusing and confused. Here there is a description of some key concepts about the theory of globalization and also describes the experience of globalization [Beck, 2000]. Globalization is used in a short way to describe the connectedness and spread of technologies, communication and production across the world. That spread involves the interweaving of cultural and economic activity.  Globalization is also used to refer the efforts of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and others to create a global free market for services and goods. This political project is potential and significant  for damaging the poor nations which means to exploit the large process. Globalization is the sense of  connectivity in cultural and economic life across the world that was growing for centuries. Many believe that the present situation is in a different order to what has gone before. The speed of the exchange and communication, the size and complexity of the networks involved and the swerve volume of risk, interaction and trade gives the label a force for globalization [Carter F, 1996].  Ã‚   With the increase in economic interconnection the deep-seated changes of politics and the poor countries has become more dependent on the activities in central economies such as the United States of America where the technical and capital expertise tend to be located. There are shift in the power which is away from the nation and argues towards MNC. It is also witness the rise and brand of the globalization. The large corporations operate in many different countries and they are marketed and developed products that could be sold in Washington. The various brands like Sony, Nike, Coca Cola and the host of others have become a part of the fabric of wide numbers of lives of people.   Globalization also involves the diffusion of technologies, practices and ideas. Globalization is something more than the universalization and internationalization. It is simply the westernization or modernization. It is also the market liberalization. The globalization describes the social relation intensification of worldwide which links the distance places in such a way that the simple occurrences are shaped by the event which occurs with many miles away. This also involves a change that understands the experience localness and geography. The globalization has powerful social, cultural, economic and political dimensions [James, 2000]. The 4 themes that appear with regularity in the literature are:   Supraterritoriality and De-localization;   The power and speed of associated growth of risk and technological innovation;   The rise of MNC; and   The extent to which the creation and the move towards the free markets to lead the division and instability. Aims and objectives of the study Primary Objective: To understand the concept of globalization To study in detail various theories of globalization. To identify the cross cultural issues existing in various multinational corporations in India. To analyze the impact of globalization theories on managing those cross cultural issues. To evaluate the effectiveness of application of globalization theories in resolving cross cultural issues. Secondary Objective:  Ã‚   To create awareness about globalization theories in various multinational corporations in India. To emphasis the application of globalization theories in resolving cross cultural issues existing multinational corporations To assist the various multinational corporations in managing cross cultural issues. Review of literature There are 4 theories of globalization. They are: World Economy theory, Third way theory, Regional Bloc theory and World culture theory. World-Economy Theory: The description of world economic theory is: The process by which the capitalist world-system is spread across the whole globe. The Global marketplace is becoming so integrated and advanced so that the nation-state is becoming waste. The good thing about this theory is that the market is more rational than the governments [David S, 2000]. The bad thing about this theory is that the corporate power is less sympathetic than government. The completion of the process begins late in the 1500s and early 1600s by the explorers of Europe. The World-economy comprise of single labor force and mobile and single world market. The core countries have strong armed forces. Consume high profits, high skills and capital production of intensive. The perceived countries have weak armed forces, low-skill, extraction of raw materials, labor intensive production and weak [Anthony M, 2000]. The Semi-perceived countries have more diversified economies, less dependent on the core than peripheral areas and strong military forces than the perceived countries. Third Way Theory: The description of the third way theory is: This theory seeks to find the relationship between the processes of economy occurring in the local and global scales. This theory is also called as view of transformationalism because it looks the ways for transforming the power of nation to cope up with the pressures of globalization [Thompson P, 1999]. This theory does not focus on the global forces which reduces the powers of nation. The challenge existing institutions are used to restructure/reform or encourage great local autonomy. This theory is linked to agenda of politics. This theory also maintains the diversity in the face of forces of economy that encourages the uniformity. Regional Bloc Theory: The description of Regional Bloc theory is: This theory disagrees strongly with the hyper globalist. In this theory only one world market exists. The growth in the internationalism of investment and trade is the growth of regional economic blocs [Robert J, 1999]. The growth of the regional trading blocs has benefited some countries. There is no single institution or government to guide the process. This theory also inquisitions the acceptance of capitalism which is the root problem. The financial efficiency and emphasis competition of capitalism care for the disempowered and oppressed people. World-Culture Theory: The description of world culture theory is: This theory desire to celebrate and preserve the differences against the cultural homogenization. This theory differs from all other theories because it sees more globalization broadly, to increase the uniformity of culture across the world from the perspective of economics. This theory is also different because the previous theories view the growth of the single world culture which is possible as a consequence of globalization, while this theory view this as an important part of globalization. This theory deep roots the traditions of Europeans [Richard G, 1998]. In this theory the progress of continuation begun from several 100 years ago, with the settlers of Europeans. This theory has established control of politics and also brings new models for central government. In this theory the ideas of individuality and citizenship will spread across traditional boundaries of culture by replacing the traditional priorities of communities in many cultures. How World Culture Theory works: Glocalization: The universal processes and ideas involved in the globalization necessarily are absorbed and interpreted differently according to the history of specific groups and vantage point. The glocalization catches the way in which the heterogenization and homogenization join [Robertson, 1992]. Relativization: Each unit in the emerging world takes the shape similar to the others that surround it. For example as the nation becomes a subject for the universal standards which are derived from the common formation of citizenship, humankind in those societies becomes relativized. Similarly, the Real politics are common in the international system becomes relativized as the principles of humanitarian who invent this concept. The relativization of societies of the inter-state system occurs particularly in the concerns about identity of nations. Interpenetration: Particularly the particularism and universalism are becoming a part of single nexus, united in terms of universality of the experience and, the increase in the expectation. In globalization, the universal is made concrete and specifically it becomes endlessly avoided. Hence globalization is a form of institutionalization of the 2 fold process which involves the particularization of universalism and the universalization of particularism. Emulation: Though the globalization does not create common culture in which everyone holds the same values and beliefs so that it does create single ground in which all factors pursue their goals by comparing with others, by using at least some common standards. The early cases are Great Russia and Peter and Meiji Japan. Emulation takes the form of choosing the ideas of incorporating from the global ground [Danny M, 1992]. Contestation: The ideologies of globe-oriented advocate a tight integrated world while others define the difference. Since the religious movements and traditions are involved prominently in producing the images of world and the religion is a difficult site for these contestations. How World Culture Theory change: The world culture Theory can be changed by: Permanent globalization dynamics: The theory of World culture describes the open ended and ongoing process. All the features of the theory of world culture require continual change. The conflict of culture is the common mechanism. Deregionalization Movements: The globalization provokes resistance/ reaction. The globalization that produces the world equal cultures and substitutes of fundamentalism has its own vision of global. The fundamentalist defines the global fundamentals and operate in terms of global ideas [Waters M, 1995]. Multiple sources: While the theory of world culture emphasizes the role of worldviews and reflexivity in the globalization the principle change can originate anywhere. The theory of world culture is agnostic [Mary K, 2001]. Research methodology The systematic gathering recording and analyzing of the data about the problems, which formulate the hypothesis and suggested organizing, collecting and evaluating data, reaching conclusion and making corrections by testing carefully the conclusions to determine whether they fit to formulate the hypothesis Two forms of research are undertaken in order for the purpose of satisfying the objectives of the study: Primary Research: Data collected through first-hand sources Secondary Research: Second-hand data collected through different sources Primary research- Quantitative Research Quantitative research method will be followed in order to create a detailed analysis of consumers perception regarding emails and direct mails as marketing medium in India. Quantitative research offers several advantages to the study: Brower et al (2000, pg. 366) assert that quantitative researchers pursue- and insist that they generate- value-free, unbiased data. Similarly, McLaughlin et al (2002) highlight the following uses of quantitative approach: Research and establish explicit hypotheses Uses accurate measures of concepts Uses tests of statistical significance Uses controls for other explanatory variables Provides a clear theoretical context Secondary Research Secondary data is the information what was collected in the past for some other purpose. Usually, researchers start their investigation by studying a rich variety of already accessible data, to see if they can make a breakthrough in the study partly or wholly, without the use of expensive, time-consuming first-hand research. The following forms of secondary data will be used to research purpose: Books Journals and articles Newspapers Magazines Online web portals Annual Reports Government Agencies Independent Agencies Government official reports Research Design This study will be descriptive in nature. Sampling design Target population: The target population in this research refers to the top multinational corporations that have been prevailing for more than a decade in India. The respondents are employees designated at managerial level. Sample size This study takes into consideration ten different multinational corporations of India. Sampling unit The sampling units are the following ten multinational corporations and their managers. Samsung Reebok Hyundai Motors LG Vodafone Ford Motors Accenture Voltas Panasonic ABN Amro Bank Sampling method The sampling technique is taken for the study is Convenience Sampling. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher [Joan Joseph Castillo, 2009]. In convenience sampling, the subjects are easy to select for the study since they are available ready. This technique is highly preferred by many because it is fast, easy and inexpensive. Size of Sample Survey A sample size of 10 respondents (one for each multinational corporation) will be considered for this study. Sampling plan: The data will be collected by mailing them the questionnaires to their workplace. Questionnaire Design: The questionnaire will consist of both open-ended and close-ended questions. Data Analysis and Interpretation The data collected from primary research will be analyzed and interpreted using statistical tools. It is suitable to the study over other tools, because: It provides both subjective as well as objective results, of which subjective can be converted into numbers/scores It can be used to identify and understand the hidden attributes or constructs which would otherwise (in case of direct analysis) have been unapparent It is inexpensive and easier to implement than other tools. Limitations of the study This concentrates on the impact of globalization theories on managing cross cultural issues in multinational corporations and does not involve any other issue. This study focuses exclusively on multinational corporations in India. This study analyzes only the cultural impact created in multinational corporations by globalization theories and does not involve any other impact. This study is applicable for multinational that have been successfully sustaining in the market for more than a decade.